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Assignment Questions (Subject:- Microprocessor and Microcontroller)

  Microprocessor and Microcontroller Assignment Questions Instructions: ·          Solve any 8 questions in each section. ·          Make appropriate assumptions wherever necessary. Unit 1 1.       What is microprocessor? 2.       What is the difference between the microprocessor and microcontroller? 3.       Explain the register organization of 8086 4.       How many data lines and address lines are available in 8086? 5.       Explain briefly about the internal hardware architecture of 8086 microprocessor with a neat diagram 6.       What is the maximum memory size that can be addressed by 8086? 7.       Calculate the physical address for fetching the next instruction to be executed, in 8086? 8.  ...
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Architecture of 8086

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A   Microprocessor   is an Integrated Circuit with all the functions of a CPU. However, it cannot be used stand-alone since unlike a microcontroller it   has no memory or peripherals .  8086 does not have RAM or ROM inside it. However, it has  internal registers  for storing intermediate and final results and interfaces with memory located outside it through the System Bus.  In the case of 8086, it is a 16-bit  Integer processor  in a 40-pin, Dual Inline Packaged IC.  The size of the internal registers(present within the chip) indicates how much information the processor can operate on at a time ( in this case 16-bit registers ) and how it moves data around internally within the chip, sometimes also referred to as the internal data bus.  8086 provides the programmer with 14 internal registers, each of 16 bits or 2 bytes wide.  The main advantage of the 8086 microprocessor is that it supports Pipelining. 8086 Architecture M...
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Microprocessor - 8257 DMA Controller

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DMA stands for Direct Memory Access. It is designed by Intel to transfer data at the fastest rate. It allows the device to transfer the data directly to/from memory without any interference of the CPU. Using a DMA controller, the device requests the CPU to hold its data, address and control bus, so the device is free to transfer data directly to/from the memory. The DMA data transfer is initiated only after receiving HLDA signal from the CPU. How DMA Operations are Performed? Following is the sequence of operations performed by a DMA − Initially, when any device has to send data between the device and the memory, the device has to send DMA request (DRQ) to DMA controller. The DMA controller sends Hold request (HRQ) to the CPU and waits for the CPU to assert the HLDA. Then the microprocessor tri-states all the data bus, address bus, and control bus. The CPU leaves the control over bus and acknowledges the HOLD request through HLDA signal. Now the CPU is in HOLD state and the DMA control...
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